Watergate Paper - 1434 Words

Watergate Paper Paul Salabarria HIS/145 June 26, 2012 Jeff Wilson Watergate Paper Watergate was a scandal that involved a break-in into the offices of the Democratic National Committee during the Nixon administration. Watergate was one of the most famous political scandals in American history. Decades after Watergate historians and others continue to argue about its causes and significance (Brinkley, 2007). It marked a period that both weakened our relationships with other countries as well as weakened the public’s belief in the President. A majority of Americans believe that newspapers, radio and television are devoting too much space and time to covering the Watergate scandals (â€Å"53%,† 1974). Both Time and Newsweek reported that†¦show more content†¦Yet the public has already believed as much for some time now, and for that purpose the disclosure is superfluous (â€Å"Review and outlook,† 1974). Mayor Lindsay criticized the reporting of the Watergate scandal as contributing to â€Å"intolerable breakdown of the rule and the spirit of the law.† He chastised the press for disregarding grand-jury secrecy, punishing without due process of law and trial â€Å"by investigators who leak their suspicions before going to trial† (Schumach, 1973). The Watergate scandal appeared to have damaged the reputation of the United States abroad. Public interest in Watergate intensified virtually throughout the world, but there was no indication that it would significantly affect America’s foreign policy. Watergate had a great deal of radio and television coverage in most European countries and Watergate most certainly diluted Japanese confidence in America. The Russian leaders had staked a lot on personal relations with Mr. Nixon and did not want the President’s Watergate embarrassment to rub off on them (Collins, 1973). A leading Republican conservative called for President Nixon’s resignation, but Mr. Nixon reiterated his determination to stay in office. GOP Sen. James Buck ley issued his surprise call for the President’s immediate resignation at a morning news conference, stating that Mr. Nixon should quit â€Å"in order to preserve the presidency.† Mr.Show MoreRelatedTaking a Look at the Watergate Scandal1050 Words   |  5 PagesThe late 1960s to the mid-1970s was characterized by political controversy and instability. The Watergate crisis is the most infamous scandal that occurred within those years, and arguably, in American political history. The event occurred in 1972 and it redefined American political culture. Nixon’s involvement in the incident (and other controversies leading up to Watergate) led to a loss of faith in government and a transition to the public’s reliance on the media. However, Watergates long termRead MoreWatergate722 Words   |  3 Pagesstory of Watergate is both historically and politically interesting. It began to occur from the Pentagon Papers, in which Daniel Ellsberg handed over to the pr ess. The Pentagon Papers contained secret documents outlining the history of U.S. involvement in Vietnam (p.848).These secret documents would bring to light the deception of the the morning of June 17, 1972, at 2:30 a.m. 5 burglars were arrested inside the office of the Democratic National Committee, located inside of the Watergate buildingRead MoreThe Watergate Scandal Essay588 Words   |  3 Pagesscandals and corruption that they attempted to keep from the public. Many of those incidents didn’t stay secretly for long due to the change to modern day media. In this paper we have compiled together a few of those scandals to compose a writing discussing different cases of corruption and scandals within the government. The Watergate Scandal was an event that changed the face of the nation. It was the first time in the History of the United States that a president had been forced to resign from officeRead More The Watergate Scandal Essay1463 Words   |  6 PagesThe Watergate Scandal The mistrust most Americans feel toward the government officials and political parities of today can be traced back to the Watergate scandal of 1972, which led to the resignation of an American president. The crimes of the Watergate scandal included political burglary, bribery, extortion, wiretapping (phone tapping), conspiracy, obstruction of justice, destruction of evidence, tax fraud, illegal use of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) and the Federal Bureau ofRead MoreCtu History 101 Ip31029 Words   |  5 Pagesand the Watergate scandal. The first article is â€Å"The Washington Post Editorial Watergate: The unfinished business.† The other article that I will be discussing and comparing is one written by Dean Burch. â€Å"In Defense of Richard Nixon.† I will provide a brief summary of the two arguments as well as describe how the Watergate events changed American views in politics and politicians. I will also speculate how the events could have been different if the media and population during the Watergate scandalRead MoreEnron And The Watergate Of The Vietnam War1460 Words   |  6 Pagestrading and money laundering among others. Flashback to June 17, 1972, and the Watergate burglars who initiated one of the largest and most talked about scandals in American history. Richard Nixon served as president from January of 1969 to August of 1974 and was Commander in Chief during the Vietnam War, one of America’s darkest hours. In June of 1971, The New York Times began running a series called â€Å"The Pentagon Papers† which was an expose of the Defense Department’s secret history of the VietnamRead MoreWatergate : The Unfinished Business843 Words   |  4 PagesThe biggest political scandal in the US yet, the Watergate scandal follows a series of events leading up to the end of the Nixon presidency. Starting with the break-in of the Democratic National Committee in 1972, and the inconsistencies in subsequent investigat ions set the ball rolling toward the unpleasant end of Richard Nixon’s political career. Not only did it expose the conspiracy to subvert the political process, it also paved way for a wave of political and democratic reforms in the US. InRead MoreThe Watergate Scandal Essay1367 Words   |  6 PagesWhile the effects of Watergate had far-reaching consequences for journalism, not everything to come out of the scandal came to be positive. As a result of the Watergate scandal many journalists try to find a Watergate like story even where there is none, Monicagate is a perfect example. In addition, many critics of the media argue since Watergate many people have become disenfranchised with Medias constant negativity. Another result of Watergate is the use of the media as a tool for politicalRead MoreWatergate Scandal : The Downfall Of Richard Nixon920 Words   |  4 PagesThe Watergate Scandal was the downfall of Richard Nixon. It made Americans put less trust in the govern ment and built trust in the media. It all takes place at the Watergate Hotel. He led an extremely corrupt administration to get him re elected. He also was the first President to resign. The unethical organization that was formed was called the CRP (later creep). They helped Nixon get re elected in 1972. They used illegal tactics to get him re elected. They paid lawyers for the burglars whoRead MoreThe Watergate Scandal Essay examples1135 Words   |  5 PagesThe Watergate Scandal The Watergate Affair, is the worst political scandal in U.S. history. It led to the resignation of the president, Richard M. Nixon, after he became implicated in an attempt to cover up the scandal. The Watergate Affair refers to the break-in and electronic bugging in 1972, of the Democratic National Committee headquarters in the Watergate apartment, and office building complex in Washington D.C. The term was applied to several related scandals. More than thirty

Baseball Is America s National Pastime - 976 Words

The argument over which sport is originally Americas national past time is as enduring and intense as American sports themselves. Each and every week millions of people tune in to watch their favorite sports being played. Over the years baseball has traditionally been known as the national pastime among all sports, but the rich tradition and history behind baseball is still around and noticed, with that being said, baseball is still referred to as America’s national pastime. This can be attributed to many factors including a superior television product, more controlled violence, and legalized gambling with fantasy football and baseball. Each and every week millions of Americans tune in to watch their favorite sports. Basketball, baseball, football, golf, soccer, and racing all have a place and a market with the sports fans in America. Over the past two decades, baseball has been left behind while football has become America’s new national pastime (Kendrick, Scott. Baseball s Origins -- An Illustrated History Of Baseball. Baseball.about.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 07 Oct. 2015. Page.2). According to Steve Rushin, a respected writer for Sports Illustrated, â€Å"to say football has displaced baseball as the national pastime is laughably inadequate, like saying that TV has edged quilting as a popular diversion† (History: Birth of Pro Football. History: Birth of Pro Football. N.p., n.d. Web. 21 Oct. 2015. Page.1). although baseball is still referred to as America’s national pastime,Show MoreRelatedAmerica s National Pastime Of Baseball Essay1518 Words   |  7 PagesSince its grand entry in the 19th centu ry, baseball has evolved to be one of the most popular sport nationally and to be known as America’s national pastime. This multibillion dollar industry attracts millions of fans worldwide throughout different regions. 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Collision-avoidance between male and female pedestrians Free Essays

Abstract Real time observations were undertaken in order to ascertain the type of collision avoidance behaviour displayed by pedestrians in crowded and relatively empty areas. Results indicated that gender was the most significant variable in affecting the type of avoidance behaviour displayed by opposite-direction pedestrians sharing momentary close proximity. The larger percentage of female pedestrians displaying ‘closed pass’ behaviour and the tendency of males to display ‘open pass behaviour’ was significant (Chi Squared=308. We will write a custom essay sample on Collision-avoidance between male and female pedestrians or any similar topic only for you Order Now 396, df=1, p=0.01). The knowledge gained from this experiment confirms current notions of pedestrian avoidance behaviour and encourages the undertaking of further experiments on this topic, involving additional variables including age and direction. 1.0 Introduction It is recognised that collision avoidance between pedestrians occurs much earlier in relatively uncrowded spaces (Wolff, 1973; Collett Marsh, 1981; Burgess, 1983). Goffman (1972) noted that pedestrians typically passed each other on the right (‘pedestrian streaming’ or ‘lane formation’). Furthermore, pedestrian avoidance behaviour was noted as being achieved by individuals moving to the right. This was potentially due to the fact that right-handedness is more typical in the population. 1.1 Oncoming pedestrian avoidance Wolff (1973) noted a difference in oncoming pedestrian collision avoidance behaviour according to crowd density. A detour would be made if potential collisions were noted in time but at the highest densities wherein collision was inevitable, a â€Å"step-and-slide† movement was achieved. This involved â€Å"a slight angling of the body, a turning of the shoulder and an almost imperceptible side step† and was undertaken to avoid a guaranteed collision had either individual â€Å"walked directly ahead†. Collett Marsh (1981) describe two â€Å"step-and-slide† possibilities, either a ‘closed pass’, where the pedestrian turns away from the oncoming person or the ‘open pass’ wherein the body is turned towards the oncomer. Typically, men would favour the ‘open pass’ whilst women tended to use the ‘closed pass’ mechanism. 1.2 Avoiding same direction collisions Typically, pedestrians were found to position themselves behind the shoulder of another pedestrian. According to the speed of travel, ‘pedestrian clusters’ (pedestrian lanes) develop which grow proportionally with pedestrian numbers (Wolff, 1973). It is suggested that pedestrians believe lane formation aids in reducing collision likelihood. The following study will look at the strategies employed by males and females in order to avoid collisions whilst walking along a crowded street. The study was conducted in order to test the validity of previous experimental findings on this topic. It is hypothesised that male pedestrians will use a closed pass, and female pedestrians an open pass. A clear difference between adult collision avoidance behaviour by gender is expected. The null hypothesis (H0) was that there will be no difference between the type of pass used by males and females. The proposed alternative hypothesis (H1) was that there would be a difference in the type of collision avoidance behaviour made in adult pedestrians, according to their gender. 2.0 Materials Methods 2.1 Design The study involved 2279 adults, in a ratio of males: females (n=1161: n=1118 respectively). Further information, such as the age of the subjects was not recorded, as the experimental design was that of a naturalistic observational study. A between subjects design was chosen and three variables were recorded; the ‘closed pass’, the ‘open pass’ and the ‘neutral pass’.[1] The design was considered appropriate as each of the subjects were involved in only one of the above three group parameter variables. The independent (or predictor) variable was defined as the gender of the subjects, whilst the criterion (or dependent variable) was marked as the type of passing behaviour observed in the subjects. The criterion variable was hypothesised to differ according to the gender of the subject. In the design, a ‘closed’- and ‘open pass’ were defined according to Collett Marsh, (1981). 2.2 Procedure A data collection grid was used to note pedestrian collision avoidance behaviour (see Fig. 1, Appendix 1). Three types of behaviour variable were measured and two different locations were chosen for the study sites, a ‘high-density’ location and a ‘low-density’ location. At each location, the interaction of two pedestrians was recorded as either a ‘closed pass’, an ‘open pass’, or a ‘neutral pass’. The collision data was collected at one single 15 to 25 minute time period, in the evening of a single weekday, by different observers. Observers were stationed at either the ‘high-density’ or ‘low-density’ location and all the results were subsequently pooled according to the subjects’ gender. When passes were observed, the specific nature of the pass was recorded in the data collection table (see Fig. 1, Appendix 1). 3.0 Results A Chi-square test was performed on the data from ‘open’- and ‘closed pass’ observations. A significant association between, ‘closed pass’, ‘open pass’, and gender was observed (Chi-Squared =308.396, df=1) (see Fig. 2). A total of 40 instances of collision avoidance behaviour, out of ‘closed’- ‘open’- and ‘neutral passes’, across both genders was recorded. Fig. 2: The frequency of open and closed passes according to gender in the display of pedestrian collision avoidance behaviour 4.0 Discussion A total of 420 females displayed ‘open pass’ collision avoidance behaviour, whilst 741 female pedestrians displayed ‘closed pass’ behaviour. Conversely, approximately 840 males utilised ‘open pass’ movement to avoid collision, 278 males engaged in ‘closed pass’ movements to avoid collision. As shown in Fig. 2 (above), female pedestrians utilised the ‘closed pass’ most frequently whilst male pedestrians favoured ‘open pass’ motion. More than double the number of male subjects utilised the ‘open pass’, only one third more female subjects used a ‘closed pass’ compared to the ‘open pass’. Indicating gender is a less significant variable in females than males, in dictating the most likely type of pass used for collision avoidance. The results were furthermore significant (Chi-Squared =308.396, p=0.01), showing that there is a statistical significant association between gend er and collision avoidance displayed. Evening data collection was judged the best time to collect data as it coincided with a commuting time. One recording period was undertaken at each location, lasting between 15 and 25 minutes each. This time slot was considered long enough to provide a good representation of collisions, but was limited by the observers’ time limitations. The locations were decided as being suitable to represent ‘high’- and ‘low-density’ for collision recording, as the observers were familiar with these areas and with evening-typical pedestrian activity. Data was not collected on weekends due to time limitations. Although separate, gender demarcated readings were taken for both the high- and low-density locations. It was believed that pooling the data would be the most effective means of testing the hypothesis. To this end therefore, only the collision data that was recorded for the ‘open pass’ and ‘closed pass’ behaviours was utilised in the analysis. Data collected from subjects employing a ‘neutral pass’ technique was not considered necessary for the scope of this particular investigation. A difference in the collision avoidance behaviour according to gender was noted. Thus, the null hypothesis, H0, is to be rejected and the alternative hypothesis has been supported by the findings. The results also agree with Collett Marsh, (1981) and van Basten, et al., (2009), who found that when using a Pairwise comparison to study the avoidance behaviour of males and females in simulations and games, females would be more likely to collaborate for collision avoidance than males. As Fig. 2 (above), shows, females tended to use ‘open passes’ and males ‘closed passes’ as predominant collision avoidance behaviour. It is believed that women intend psychologically to protect their breasts, by using a ‘closed pass’ (Collett and Marsh, 1981). The finding that females exhibited self-protective conduct is supported by Kobayshi (1994), who noted that on trains, females would be more likely to stand facing the door and position their arms at a lower angle, whilst males would be more likely to face other passengers and the reverse being true. In a study by Jenni and Jenni (1976), American college students displayed a marked difference in the manner in which they held books; females more frequently carried books closer to the chest and males to the side. This posture-related behaviour may have relevance to support the findings in this study. The psychological reason that it is believed women wish to act with propriety (Collett Marsh, 1981) again is similar to the suggested reason for their posture on public trains. 4.1 Study strengths Limitations As the data collection for this experiment was carried out over the course of only one day, at both locations, future same-location data collection, over three consecutive days, which further encompassed the same allotted time periods throughout the day may improve experimental validity. Three days of data recording at one location (e.g. high density region), at the previously decided time slots, for thirty minutes each time, would be sufficient to effectively map collision avoidance behaviour. The same measurement criteria as used at the first location should be applied to all other study locations, to ensure reliability. An average of the number of days the study was conducted, according to each time interval would then also preferable to undertaken, thereby increasingly the overall reliability of the results. However, this would only give an indication of the type of collision avoidance displayed at those particular locations. Other independent variables may also affect the result s obtained, such as weather. However, as the study was a naturalistic study thereby providing a large amount of ecological validity, these concerns may be somewhat corrected for. 4.2 Future Research To further increase the reliability of the data collected for repeat experiments, different degrees of ‘high density’ and ‘low density’ locations could be visited, to provide an indication of whether collision avoidance behaviour would differ dramatically, (for example), between the most densely populated regions and second most densely populated regions visited.[2] The improved experimental design could include visiting five places across five days (and over three or more time periods throughout the day), according to â€Å"five-point scale† (e.g. 1=most densely populated, 5=least densely populated).[3] It may also be useful to include an observation on pedestrian age as collision avoidance behaviour may be age dependent. Future experiments may also consider same-direction pedestrian collision avoidance behaviour, to test whether the variable of direction affects avoidance behaviour. Instances of actual collisions could also be measured, to see whether, in these cases, avoidance behaviour was not displayed. Experimental subjectivity may have been a consideration in this study as more than one observer collected the tabulated data. This could readily be corrected for by having only one observer conduct all observations. 5.Conclusion The results from this experiment lent support to the fact that collision avoidance behaviour definitely has a gender-associated factor (Collett Marsh, 1981). Furthermore, in larger spaces, with fewer pedestrians the incidence of collision was found to be less likely, as it is believed that collisions were noted and corrected for much earlier. There are a number of topics within pedestrian collision behaviour that could be studied to provide further explanation in the area of gender associated collision avoidance behaviour. Studying same-direction collision behaviour, age-associated behaviour and recording behaviour at different time periods during the day may provide a deeper study of the topic as well as potentially useful ongoing research in the field. References Burgess, J.W. 1983. Interpersonal spacing behavior between surrounding nearest neighbors reflects both familiarity and environmental density. Ethology and socio ­biology. 4(1), pp.11 ­17. Collett, P Marsh, P. (1981). Patterns of Public Behavior: Collision Avoidance on a Pedestrian Crossing. In T. A. Sebeok J. Umiker-Sebeok (Eds.), Nonverbal Communication, Interaction and Gestures, pp. 199-217. The Hague: Mouton Press. Goffman, E. 1972. Relations in Public. Harmondsworth:Pelican. Jenni, D.A. Jenni, M.A. 1976. Carrying Behaviour in Humans: Analysis of Sex Differences. Science. 194, pp.859-860. Kobayashi, T. 1994. Sexual Differences in Posture-related Human Behaviour on Subway Trains, and Their Biological Function. Journal of Ethology. 12(2), pp. 121-130. Van Basten, B.J.H., Jansen, S.E.M. Karamouzas, I. 2009. Exploiting Motion Capture to Enhance Avoidance Behaviour in Games. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. 5884, pp. 29-40. Wolff, M. (1973). Notes on the behavior of pedestrians, in: People in places: the sociology of the familiar. Birenbaum, A.(ed), London, UK: Nelson Press, pp. 35 ­48. How to cite Collision-avoidance between male and female pedestrians, Essay examples

Phonology free essay sample

Phonology is the study of the speech sounds and sound of words in a language. It is also concerned with the way words are pronounced in a language. Each language has its own phonology. From a childs point of view, the business of phonology Is figuring out how to produce those sounds that are necessary for making meaning. Infants know the sound of language before their first word. The most amazing part Is babies learn from way before in utter (Giggles, 2005). Patricia Kohl talks about how Infants are sensitive to sounds that are not typically used In their language.It Is amazing how she conducted a study where she was able to show that Infants can dullnesss sounds from many languages. She described the act as, Infants taking statistics In speech. Another study she conducted as exposing children to television or auditory learning of language. She proved that Infants/ children need human contact In order to learn. We will write a custom essay sample on Phonology or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This Information shows the Importance of Interacting with children Is very Important. I use to think educational shows were a great part of a childs learning. Now I know that it does not compare to human interaction.I grew up in a bilingual household. My mother taught me Spanish first. She thought by teaching me Spanish first it would stick to me, because I was going to learn English at school. I was fluent in both languages as a child. As time passed my Spanish was not as great, because I was not speaking it often, not even at home. Although my parents always speak Spanish, I respond in English, or even Spangling. Patricia Kohl mentions, that once you get to your teenage years, everything goes downhill. Which I can agree. I still speak Spanish, but not as fluent.